Abstract Although we are currently in the Decade of Ocean Sciences for Sustainable Development, Chile seems to be lagging behind in marine education. Research has shown the importance of animal imagery in generating a bond between students and their environment, and strengthening interest in conservation. The objective of this study is to contribute to ocean literacy research in Latin America, by describing coverage of ocean content in the Chilean primary school curriculum and textbooks. Content analysis was undertaken concerning textual and pictorial materials. Learning Objectives of the science primary curriculum were reviewed, and the number and type of fauna species shown in images were recorded. For each textbook, we recorded the number of marine and terrestrial animals, categorized endemic, native, and exotic species, and whether the name of the animal was labeled with the image. The results show that only three Learning Objectives of the primary curriculum explicitly define content associated with the ocean. Of the total animal images, slightly more than twenty percent are marine fauna. The great majority of the marine animals shown are native, however, most of the time the image is not reinforced with the name of the species. Considering that school textbooks are the foundation of formal education, this preliminary study indicates that there is a content deficit when teaching about the relevance of the ocean and its animal species in primary school textbooks in Chile, covering only three ocean literacy principles in the science curriculum. However, this study recognizes that important improvements have been made in prioritizing natural science teaching with images of native species. Development education environment conservation America materials reviewed textbook endemic however However

Resumen El presente artículo busca analizar el tratamiento que realizó la prensa chilena sobre el fenómeno de la inmigración durante un año de emisiones en la red social Twitter (entre el 23 de agosto de 2016 y el 23 de agosto de 2017). Dicho fenómeno experimentó un explosivo crecimiento en los últimos años en el país, cambiando el paisaje social chileno con la presencia de comunidades peruanas, colombia-nas, ecuatorianas y, por último, venezolanos y haitianos. Este es un estudio mixto que utiliza elementos de minería de datos para extraer y refinar datos desde redes sociales, y análisis de contenido para clasificar el corpus de tuits emanados de los doscientos noventa medios chilenos que seguimos. En lo específico se analizó: a) qué medios hablaron más del tema, b) la cualificación de las noticias, diferenciando a los medios nacionales de los regionales, c) las voces tanto de personas como de instituciones que más hablaron sobre el tema y d) las comunidades inmigrantes más mencionadas. Entre los resultados se destaca la relevancia que la prensa le dio a los actores políticos, que fueron los más mencionados, y la relación entre las comunidades inmigrantes más grandes y su aparición en las noticias. Por ejemplo, los haitianos fueron el grupo extranjero más mencionado, pese a ser la cuarta comunidad extranjera más numerosa en Chile, al momento de realizar el estudio. Mientras los venezolanos, que ocupaban el primer lugar -en volumen migratorio- fueron el cuarto grupo más mencionado por la prensa.

Abstract This article seeks to analyze the treatment that the Chilean press carried out on the phenomenon of immigration during a year of broadcasts on the social network Twitter (between August 23rd, 2016 and August 23rd, 2017). This phenomenon experienced an explosive growth in recent years in the country, changing the Chilean social landscape with the presence of Peruvian, Colombian, Ecuadorian and finally Venezuelan and Haitian communities. This is a mixed study that uses data mining elements, to extract and refine data from social networks, and content analysis to classify the corpus of tweets emanating from the 290 Chilean media that we follow. Specifically, the following were analyzed: a) which media spoke the most about the issue, b) the qualification of the news, differentiating national from regional media, c) the voices of both individuals and institutions that spoke the most about the issue, and d) the most mentioned immigrants by the communities. Among the results, the relevance that the press gave to political actors, who were the most mentioned, and the relationship between the largest immigrant communities and the appearances in the news stand out. For example, Haitians were the most mentioned foreign group, despite being the fourth largest foreign community in Chile, at the time of the study. While Venezuelans, who occupied the first place, in migratory volume, were the fourth group most mentioned by the press.

Resumo O presente artigo busca analisar a forma que realizou a imprensa chilena sobre o fenômeno da imigração durante um ano de emissões na rede social Twitter (entre os dias 23 de agosto de 2016 a 23 de agosto de 2017). Tal fenômeno experimentou um significativo crescimento nos últimos anos no país, mudando a ambiente social chileno com a presença das comunidades peruanas, colombianas, equatorianas e, por último, venezuelanos e haitianos. Este é um estudo misto que utiliza elementos de prospecção de dados para extrair e refinar dados a partir das redes sociais, e análises do conteúdo para classificar o corpus de tuits emanado dos duzentos e noventa meios chilenos que seguimos. Especificamente analisou-se: a) quais meios falaram mais sobre o tema, b) a qualificação das notícias, distinguindo aos meios nacionais dos regionais, c) as vozes das pessoas como das instituições que mais falaram sobre o tema e d) as comunidades imigrantes mais mencionadas. Entre os resultados destacam-se a importância que a imprensa deu aos atores políticos, quais foram os mais mencionados, e a relação entre as comunidades imigrantes maiores e que foram notícias. Por exemplo, os haitianos foi o grupo de estrangeiros mias mencionado, embora seja a quarta comunidade estrangeira mais numerosa no Chile, ao momento de realizar o estudo. Enquanto que os venezuelanos, que ocupavam o primeiro lugar - em termos de volume migratório - foi o quarto grupo mais citado pela imprensa.

ABSTRACT: Who writes the news in the Chilean press according to gender? Who are the sources, male or female, in the Chilean press? Is there a relationship between the gender of journalists and the gender of the sources in the Chilean press? This article studies the gender of the Chilean newsroom and their sources in 12,113 news through a quantitative method with a computational social science approach. This method combines web scraping and natural language processing techniques to gather and preprocess data, facilitating the exploration of complex social phenomena. Results show important biases in journalists and source gender. From a sample of 158 journalists, 99 were men (63%) and 59 women (37%). Also, from 12,113 news, 7,565 (62%) were written by male and 4,548 (38%) by female journalists. Of the 12,334 sources mentioned in the news, 9,771 were men (79%) and 2,563 were women (21%). A significant finding is that equality in the newsroom is related to how female and male journalists choose their sources. In other words, when a media has a newsroom with gender equality, the sources of the journalists are more equitable too. These results have important insights to discuss within the journalism schools, to make students aware of the gender bias in the profession. Furthermore, if the presence of female journalists or sourcesincreased in the media, it would allow them to grow their media power and status.

RESUMEN: ¿Quién escribe las noticias en la prensa chilena según el género? ¿Las fuentes son masculinas o femeninas en la prensa chilena? ¿Existe una relación entre el género de los y las periodistas y el género de las fuentes en la prensa chilena? Este artículo estudia el género de los y las periodistas y sus fuentes en 12.113 noticias, a través de un método cuantitativo con enfoque de ciencias sociales computacionales. Este método combina técnicas de procesamiento de lenguaje natural y web scraping para recopilar y pre-procesar datos. Los resultados muestran sesgos importantes en los y las periodistas y el género de la fuente. De una muestra de 158 periodistas, 99 eran hombres (63%) y 59 mujeres (37%). De 12.113 noticias, 7.565 (62%) fueron escritas por hombres y 4.548 (38%) por mujeres periodistas. De las 12.334 fuentes mencionadas en las noticias, 9.771 eran hombres (79%) y 2.563 eran mujeres (21%). Un hallazgo significativo es que la igualdad en la sala de redacción está relacionada con la forma en que los y las periodistas eligen sus fuentes. Es decir, parece ser que cuando un medio tiene una redacción con igualdad de género, las fuentes de los y las periodistas también son más equitativas. Estos resultados son importantes para ser discutidos dentro de las escuelas de periodismo, para concientizar a los y las estudiantes sobre el sesgo de género en la profesión. Si aumentara la presencia de mujeres como periodistas y como fuentes de informaciónen los medios, les permitiría aumentar su poder y estatus mediático.

Background: Cancer is the second death cause in Chile. The Chilean National Cancer Act will secure treatment and labor protection for people diagnosed with cancer. Aim: To answer questions regarding the media portrayal of cancer. Material and Methods: Through data-mining and the conduction of content analysis, 2,523 news titles about cancer were analysed. The news titles were obtained from 345 Chilean digital media which published cancer related news on Twitter between January and December 2019. An attempt was made to answer two research questions, namely are cancer incidence and mortality rates portrayed in a corresponding magnitude in the Chilean digital media? and what words are commonly used for this purpose? Results: There is not a coherence between the incidence and mortality of the main cancer types in Chile and the amount of content published in communication media. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with international studies. We should expect the delivery of complete, timely and effective information about cancer in communication media, aiming to educate the population and reinforce prevention.

Las movilizaciones estudiantiles ocurridas en Chile desde 2011 han redefinido las formas en que son empleadas las tecnologías con propósitos políticos. Esto interroga acerca de cómo se modifica la participación de los/as jóvenes, quienes han identificado en las redes sociales nuevas maneras de acceder a los medios de comunicación tradicionales mediante la gestión contra-informativa de contenidos asociados al movimiento. El presente estudio de caso analiza la Fan Page de Facebook Estudiantes Informados, que actualmente cuenta con más de 190.000 seguidores de entre 18 y 24 años. La investigación emplea estadística descriptiva y análisis crítico del discurso para categorizar 190 posteos realizados en los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2011. Se concluye que los/as estudiantes reorientan estratégicamente las prácticas informativas hegemónicas, disputando la resignificación política. Esto responde a la fijación de marcos de interpretación colectiva formulados en cuatro niveles complementarios: cognitivo, discursivo, comunicativo e ideológico.

The students' demonstrations that have happened in Chile since 2011 have redefined the way in which technologies are used for political purposes. This raises questions about the way in which youth's participation is modified due to the fact that they have found in the social networks new ways of accessing the traditional media by the counter-informative management of contents associated with the movement. The present case study analyzes the “Estudiantes Informados” (Informed Students) fan page on Facebook, which currently has got more than 190.000 followers between 18 and 24 years old. The investigation uses descriptive statistics and critical discourse analysis, in order to categorize 190 posts written between August and September 2011. The conclusions show that students strategically readjust hegemonic practices, disputing the political resignification. This is explained by establishing frameworks of collective interpretation formulated in four complementary levels: cognitive, discursive, communicative and ideological.

El artículo tiene por objetivo caracterizar la inserción curricular de la aplicación Web 2.0 GigaPan para el desarrollo de competencias socio-comunicativas en una escuela primaria de Valdivia, Chile. Metodológicamente, para sistematizar el estudio de caso se levantaron datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Por un lado, se aplicaron pre y post test para evaluar los progresos y dificultades en el dominio de competencias escriturales y, por otro, se realizaron grupos de conversación con los estudiantes para reflexionar sobre aspectos metacognitivos y motivacionales propios de la innovación educativa. Los principales resultados indican que los progresos escriturales se expresan mejor en dominios tales como Coherencia Textual (14%) y Originalidad del Contenido (17%), y las mayores dificultades radican en el Énfasis en Ideas Relevantes (3%) y la Cohesión Textual (7%). Del lado de la implementación de las TIC los grupos de conversación muestran una positiva disposición a las mediaciones apoyadas por web social y al trabajo colaborativo.

This paper aims to characterize the curricular insertion of GigaPan Web 2.0 in a primary school of Valdivia, Chile, with the purpose of developing socio-communicative competences. Methodologically, to systematize this case study, quantitative and qualitative data were found. On one hand, pre and post tests were applied to assess the progress and difficulties in scriptural competences command and, on the other hand, conversation groups were performed with students to think over metacognitive and motivational aspects present in educational innovation. The main results suggest that the scriptural progress is better expressed in commands such as Textual Coherence (14%) and Content Originality (17%) and the major difficulties are present in relevant ideas emphasis (3%) and Textual Cohesion (7%). About TIC implementation, conversation groups showed a positive disposition to mediation supported by social web and collaborative work.

In the middle of changes has generated by Age of Information called, acquired importance the phenomenon of Computer Mediated Communication (cmc). This is related to the increasing access that the Chilean society towards the internet, that positions it like leader in Latin America in the subject. By the proximity that the young people have with new technologies, this age group has been has itself appropriate with greater intensity of this new communicative tool. The instant messaging has become an important tool by he socialization processes of the young people, having occupied the place that in last decades use the telephone. Compared to other technologies the mail has become one of the few common elements that it crosses the social segments and the varied urban tribes in who the Chilean young people live their processes on construction of the identity.

En medio de los cambios que ha generado la llamada Era de la Información, adquiere importancia el fenómeno de la Comunicación Mediada por Computador (CMC). Esto se relaciona con el creciente acceso de la sociedad chilena hacia la internet, que lo posiciona como líder en Latinoamérica en el tema. Dada la cercanía que los jóvenes tienen con las nuevas tecnologías, este grupo etáreo es el que se apropia con mayor intensidad de esta nueva herramienta comunicativa. La mensajería instantánea pasa a ser una importante herramienta para los procesos de socialización de los jóvenes, ocupando el lugar que en décadas pasadas tuvo el teléfono. A diferencia de otras tecnologías, la mensajería se convierte en uno de los pocos elementos comunes que cruza los segmentos sociales y las variadas tribus urbanas en las cuales los jóvenes chilenos viven sus procesos de construcción de la identidad.

Em meio às mudanças que geraram a chamada Era da Informação, o fenômeno da Comunicação Mediada por Computador (cmc) ganha importância. Isto diz respeito ao crescente acesso da sociedade chilena à internet, o que a posiciona como líder na América Latina. Considerando a familiaridade dos jovens com as novas tecnologias, este grupo etéreo é o que se apropria com maior intensidade desta nova ferramenta comunicativa. A mensagem instantânea passa a ser uma importante ferramenta para os processos de socialização dos jovens, ocupando o lugar que em décadas passadas era do telefone. Diferente de outras tecnologias, a mensagem instantânea constitui um dos poucos elementos comuns que atravessa os segmentos sociais e as diversas tribos urbanas, pela qual os jovens chilenos vivem seus processos de construção de identidade.

The present article gives account of the main results of developed experimental investigations in Chile that it has by objective to compare the estimation of the time which adolescents do when they face the development of similar tasks with without computers. In addition possible cultural differences with groups of rural and urban subjects are analyzed. The experience took place between the months of April and May of the 2005 and the groups of participants come from schools of the province of Valdivia in the south of Chile.

El presente artículo da cuenta de los principales resultados de investigaciones experimentales desarrolladas en Chile con el objetivo de comparar la estimación del tiempo que hacen adolescentes cuando se enfrentan al desarrollo de tareas similares con o sin ordenadores. Además se analizan posibles diferencias culturales con grupos de sujetos rurales y urbanos. La experiencia tuvo lugar entre los meses de abril y mayo de 2005 y los grupos de participantes provienen de colegios de la provincia de Valdivia en la zona sur de Chile.